The Roots Of American Exceptionalism - 1055 Words

It is important to examine the roots of American exceptionalism. French philosopher and social scientist, Alexis de Tocqueville was recognized to be the first writer to promote the theory of exceptionalism via his document Democracy in America. However, his use of exceptionalism does not match the true concept. Tocqueville reveals that â€Å"Americans have no aptitude or taste for science, literature, or art, but argues that this is due to the particular American experience, and is no natural concomitant to democracy† (Gordon). Communist leader Jay Lovestone stated that everyone was in the revolution of communism with the exception of the United States. In response, soviet leader Joseph Stalin expresses that he wants to end this â€Å"heresy of American exceptionalism.† Since then, Stalin has been recognized for coining the phrase. Stalin and Tocqueville’s definition of American exceptionalism was not meant as a compliment as Americans make it out to be. It is ironic to know that a communist branded American exceptionalism and the United States turned it into a form of endearment. President Barack Obama once said â€Å"I believe in American exceptionalism, just as I suspect that the Brits believe in British exceptionalism and the Greeks believe in Greek exceptionalism (Ceaser). His remark reflects how all nations have pride and believe that they have a quality that makes them unique. There are numerous qualities that make America exceptional. One of them being that theShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of American Exceptionalism Essay726 Words   |  3 Pagesof American exceptionalism has evolved, but the era of American exceptionalism as a providential mission is drawing to a close. The meaning of American exceptionalism has evolved from the two definitions of â€Å"unique† and â€Å"special† to include an appointed mission and has been used to justify action and consolidate people around ideas. The U.S. went from identifying itself as an exemplar nation for the world to emulate, to creating an interventionist mission of exceptionalism. Today â€Å"American exceptionalism†Read MoreDid American Exceptionalism Cause Irreparable Damage or Spell Success1699 Words   |  7 Pagesmany facets that every piece of history possesses. In the evaluation of American exceptionalism it is essential to consider what exceptionalism is and how it has been integral in production of the modern day United States of America. As a result of exceptionalism and indeed expansionism in America it is also of supreme importance to look into the effects of such a radical policy, in particular the plight of the native Americans, how their lives were changed and in many cases destroyed because of Anglo-SaxonRead MoreGovernment s Military Interventions Toward Native Peoples Overlooked Violence Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesexpansion in the 19th century is one of triumph because it doubled the nation’s territory and increased trade. However, the Old West during the 19th century was characterized by America’s brutal obsession with expansion and the concept of American exceptionalism. In Blood Meridian by Cormac McCarthy, Judge Holden celebrates the human nature of violence and its necessity to find order in chaos. Blinded by the greed for control, he refuses to acknowledge the norms of civilized behavior. Similarly, underRead MoreReview : New Western History1720 Words   |  7 PagesTom Nowakowski 10/16/14 HI 324 Dr. Schandler Midterm Essay #1 â€Å"New Western History† entails a fundamentally different approach to looking at the history of the American West. Whereas the old narrative deemphasized the contributions of others, the new interpretative paradigm is now more inclusive of the roles of women, minority groups, the Federal Government, corporate capitalism, urbanization, and Spain too. In addition, a new environmental narrative has emerged as well. Prior to the implementationRead MoreThe French Enlightenment Vs British Enlightenment Essay1813 Words   |  8 Pagescomes to American exceptionalism. The belief that America has been, and still is, the greatest and most important ally to have in the world, and has been for centuries. Based on the resources, allies, its place in the world, and its government, The United States has been noted as one of the most, if not the most, exceptional countries in the world. Along with the individuals who are likely to agree with this idea, there are some that oppose it. Beyond the fight between whether American ExceptionalismRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Last Of The Mohicans Essay1813 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican exceptionalism refers to the United States as unique or a different form of democracy from other governments; described as a free nation based on democratic ideals and personal liberties. This term stems from its political, intellectual, and religious, and from its’ en during exceptional differences. The aftermath of the â€Å"revolution†, freeing the American colonies from British control are key aspects of the belief from where American exceptionalism came about. In addition, Thomas Paine makesRead MoreTocqueville : American Exceptionalism?1581 Words   |  7 PagesTocqueville: American Exceptionalism Alexis de Tocqueville was born on July 29, 1805, in Paris, France. He was a historian, political scientist, and a politician, but he is best known as the author of Democracy in America. He began his political career as an apprentice magistrate, a role he was easily able to enter into due to his father’s role in French government. In the role of apprentice magistrate, Tocqueville witnessed the constitutional upheaval between the conservatives and liberals inRead MorePresident Obam A New Era Of Responsibility Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pagesyear was ushered in, so was the chance at a new start. In January 2009, the first African American president, Barack Obama took his oath and delivered his inaugural address, â€Å"A New Era of Responsibility.† In this speech, President Obama, in an attempt to unify the nation under a common idea, echoed countless former presidents in his description of the ideal American. He reminds the audience of their common roots and history by no ting the great accomplishments of our founding fathers and the undeniableRead MoreBiography Of Catherine Ceniza Choy s Empire Of Care1702 Words   |  7 PagesCatherine Ceniza Choy, author of the book Empire of Care, is currently an Asian American Studies professor and department chair of Ethnic Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. With a Ph.D in history from the University of California, Los Angeles, her research interest is on the impact of United States‟ global presence, particularly in Asian countries. In Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History (2003), Choy question the reasons underlying the massive exports ofRead MoreThe Limits Of Power : Bacevich Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pagesdissatisfaction. He composed a few books such as American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Strategy and Washington Rules. Summary Andrew J. Bacevich, exceptionally regarded over the political range, offers an authentic point of view about the dreams represented American approach as from 1945. The authenticity he suggests incorporates respect for supremacy and the limits; affect the ability for unintended outcomes; antipathy for cases of exceptionalism; wariness of simple arrangements, particularly

The Vietnam War Was A Conflict - 951 Words

The Vietnam War was a conflict between the communist army of North Vietnam and the Viet Cong against South Vietnam began in 1954. The United States began their involvement in the Vietnam War by supporting the democratic South Vietnam with weapons and soldiers. Many Americans were divided due to opposition of the US involvement with the war. It was the era of social movements like mexican american social activism, and anti-Vietnam War activism. I have interviewed a Vietnam veteran named Ernie Sanchez that was willing to discuss his experiences and effects of the war. Many Chicanos like Ernie fought against fought against discrimination, fought to survive the war, and fought to recover from the war. The United States motive for involvement in the Vietnam War was to stop the spread of communism to other countries. By 1969, the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war was more than 500,000 U.S. military personnel. In 1975, the Vietnam War ended and the country was unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam the following year. Although, before the war finally ended; there was constant protesting from civilians that demanded to stop drafting of young men and to end the war. In the Chicano community, the Chicano Moratorium was formed to raise awareness of the Vietnam War as a civil rights issue. It was an open secret that Mexican-American casualties in Vietnam were coming in disproportionate number to their population -- 20%of the casualties when they comprised 10% of theShow MoreRelatedThe Vietnam War Was A Brutal Conflict1666 Words   |  7 Pages The Vietnam War was a brutal internal conflict between North and South Vietnam over the North s attempt to spread communism. Taking place between 1961 and 1975, it became America s second longest war. This battle destroyed countless villages, farmlands, forests, and neighboring countries of Vietnam. It took the lives of about two million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians, and over fifty-eight thousand American soldiers. In an effort to cease the spread of communism, many American troops wereRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was A Damaging Conflict1178 Words   |  5 PagesValean Professor William Mack U.S. History 2 16 April 2015 Vietnam War The Vietnam War was a damaging conflict that left deep scars on all the people and countries that were involved. About 60,000 American lives were taken and an estimated 2,000,000 Vietnamese were killed or wounded. That is about 10 percent of Vietnam’s population. Many bombs, weapons, and chemical warfare destroyed Vietnam’s infrastructure and land. Not only did this war bring destruction to Vietnam’s physical country, but it helpedRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was A Long And Costly Conflict1150 Words   |  5 Pages Causes if the Vietnam War Before WWII Vietnam belonged to the French Empire but during the war, it was taken over by the Japanese but since they were being defeated they retreated back to Japan. This gave the chance to the Vietnamese people to create their own government led by Ho Chi Minh but at the end of the war, the south was given back to the french while the north was led by the Chinese, who was not communist at the time, so Ho Chi Minh lost all his power. When the Chinese pulled out in 1946Read MoreThe Vietnam War Was A Long Lasting Conflict Essay1814 Words   |  8 PagesThe Vietnam War was a long lasting conflict in the Southeast Asia. It started after World War II in 1954 and didn’t end until April 30th, 1975. This war killed over 200,000 Vietnamese and over 58,000 American soldiers in the war; on top of that, the lives of over two million civilians. This war was also known as â€Å"America’s longest war† – that helped with the control of communism during the Cold War. F or nineteen years, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) fought against the American-SupportedRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was A 21 Year Conflict Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesevacuate from Vietnam. They did not possess a choice; they either progressed or died in their homeland. Due to the end of the Vietnam War, many South Vietnamese desired to leave because of the new communist regime, treatment they received, and their futures. The Vietnam War was a 21-year conflict that originated in 1954 surrounding Vietnam in several wars. This instigated two specific engagements with two countries: France and China. The altercation between France and Vietnam was called the Indo-ChinaRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was An Expensive And Fatal Conflict Between The North And South Vietnam1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War was an expensive and fatal conflict between the North and South Vietnam regions. The communist government from the north and their southern allies, the Viet Cong, were heavily against South Vietnam and their benevolent allies, the United States. The main purpose of the Vietnam War was to reassemble the country of Vietnam under the rule of communism. From the perspective of the Viet Cong, the conflict against the South and United States seemed as a colonial strife. During this timeRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was Five Major Conflict Points From The Years Of 1964-19751754 Words   |  8 PagesThe Vietnam war h ad five major conflict points from the years of 1964-1975. There was air war, ground war, the war at home, and negotiations between China and Soviet Union and primary enemies. There were many social, economic, and political issues that led to this war and developed during this war. America had conflicts with Vietnam that were to stop the spread of communism but with many political, economic, and social incidents occurring, including attacks on North Vietnam, manufacturing goodsRead MoreThe Vietnam War1402 Words   |  6 Pagesinstability in Vietnam from 1950 to 1975 between the communist North Vietnam and anti-communist South Vietnam during the Cold War era has led to the United States’ inevitable intervention in Vietnam. The main motivators for the United States’ incremental decision to intervene and commitment in Vietnam can be viewed as an accumulation of socio-political, political and economic catalysts. In recognition that there were many other factors that may h ave contributed to the U.S’s involvement in the conflict in VietnamRead MoreThe Vietnam War: How America Lost the War Against Communism Essay1094 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vietnam War was a conflict, which the United States involved itself in unnecessarily and ultimately lost. The basis of the conflict was simple enough: Communism vs. Capitalism, yet the conduct of the Vietnam War was complex and strategic, and brought repercussions which had never been seen before. The struggle between North and South had an almost inevitable outcome, yet the Americans entered the War optimistic that they could aid the falling South and sustain democracy. The American intentionsRead More The Impact of the Media on the Vietnam War Essay1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of the Media on the Vietnam War This essay will discuss to what degree the media can be blamed for the United States’ loss in the Vietnam conflict ending 1975. It will be based predominantly on key written resources on the subject, but it will also contain - by means of an interview - certain first-hand observations from a Vietnam War veteran. For the sake of conciseness, and in order to focus the bulk of the content on the main topic, this essay will make certain assumptions

Homelessness & Housing Policy

Question : What specific problems do homeless people from ethnic minority backgrounds face? Answer : Introduction Recent advances are being made in the implementation of policies and generating awareness in the United Kingdom populations, where majority of the people are victims of problems like homelessness, misuse of substance, institutional care, street drinking and begging. Although the number of people who are homeless, is small, yet the overall cost and the impact they cause to the society is enormous and that can be attributed mainly to the type of chaotic lives that they lead (Suzanne, F. 2013). The increase in the cases of homelessness is because of the economic changes, cutbacks in the social programs and the shortage being faced to afford shelter for lower income households. The potential people who possess the risk of facing homelessness are the single mothers, people from minor ethnic backgrounds, battered women and their children, youths that have been abused, handicapped and disabled elders and the families of the workers, who have lost their jobs (Daly, G. 2013). Homelessness Defined Homelessness is both causes and is caused by circumstances of poverty and social exclusion, the prevailing financial problems, deterioration and lack of work in physical and mental health. The local authorities have the responsibility to prove home and shelter to majority of the families. In case of not being able to provide all the people with shelter, atleast some of the people can be helped with accommodation. People who are from minor ethnic backgrounds, reside in a most disadvantageous society and are at the major risk of homelessness. In comparison to the other factors responsible for the cause of homelessness, there are ethnic minority communities that also contribute to social boycott and also lead to people being banished from their residing places. Each of the community has its own different socio economic and cultural patterns that must be in terms with the population and should be understood and supported by all. Failure to consider and understand the specific needs of th e various ethnic minority increases the risk to ethnic inequality and the disadvantage associated with the policies and the practices that work in the favour of ethnic communities. Therefore, it is important for the local authorities to plan out strategies that would work in the favour of homeless people. Simultaneously it is also important to include complete appraisal of the equalities implications of each component of the strategy and to organize a systematic approach for the efficient delivery of the services that are culturally competent and are responsive towards the needs of the community divergence. This entire process requires structured and strategic development of the policies that are sensitive enough to fulfill the needs of al the homeless people and simultaneously cater to their requirements. Homelessness Among The Ethnic Minor Groups The ethnic minority population refers to the people who hail from the visible minority background as well as the people belonging to the white minorities (the Irish, the Gypsies and Travellers). The ethnic minority population is majorly concentrated in certain geographical areas like the larger urban centres. 45% of the total ethnic population resides in the region of London while 13% of the population is found in West Midlands, 8% in the South East, 8% in the North West and 7% in Yorkshire and Humber. The ethnic minority communities have varying patterns of household accommodation and the size of their composition. The average household size of Black Carribean and Whites is about 2.3 people per household. Rest of the ethnic minorities excluding the White Irish Group tend to have larger families as compared to the Black and White Carribeans (Office of Deputy Prime Minister 2005). The Pakistani, Indians and the Bangladeshi households are the largest with higher number of family member s per household and their density is overruled by the population size of the Black Africans. Regarding household composition, South Asian individuals are essentially more averse to live alone than individuals from other ethnic minority foundations or from the White populace. In the ballpark of 90% of all South Asian families with youngsters live as couples (with or without other relatives) and few are solitary folks. South Asian family units are likewise the undoubtedly to live in three-generational families. By differentiation, 54% of Black Caribbean families with subordinate youngsters and 46% of Black African families with ward kids are solitary folks. In the White populace, some 75% of families with ward youngsters are couples and the rest of solitary folks (Office of Deputy Prime Minister 2005). The Black Africans/ Carribeans represent the most severely represented population that is homeless. Almost 10% of the homeless population and account for 2% of the population of England . Research has also shown that unemployment among the BME population was steeply increasing during the 19th century. The particular ones among the BME family who were unemployed were the Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Black Carribean males. This rate of excessive unemployment still continues to be more than the White British populations and this has led to prevalence of several health related problems like depression, anxiety, malnutrition and mostly poverty related homelessness (Margaret, G., Roger, D. and Agnes, F. 2011). Homelessness has many definitions. The legal definition of this term is strictly based upon the principle that a person or even a household lacks the license to occupy a home or it is not feasible of legally permissible to occupy their current home. In order to determine the possibility of any of these issues, the judgement is required. Because of interrelated hindrances to economic independence that fluctuate by racial and ethnic gathering, for example, institutionalized separation and generational neediness, minorities have unequal access to quality lodging, livelihood, and training. These social prohibitions leave minorities more inclined to have littler money related cushions to fall once again on in crisis circumstances; to dwell in poor, isolated, and perilous neighborhoods that need community assets; and to experience homelessness. Dark and in addition American Indian or Native Alaskan families are incredibly overrepresented in protected homeless populaces, confronting the mos t serious hindrances to lodging steadiness. Hispanic families are reasonably overrepresented, while white and Asian family units are underrepresented contrasted and their offer of the general population (ICP 2011). Research has shown that the South Asian (Pakistani, Indian and Bangladeshi) communities try to reside in the urban cor areas in order to ensure their safety and also maintain closeness to their family, friends and community people. They also prefer to be near their place of worship, medical facilities and other resource centres. This means that the housing is inclined to be fairly restricted spatially. It has however been predicted that the concentration of such groups will increase if not intensify. One one hand there is evidence stating that the people belonging to the minority communities face rejection from the society and are declined place of stay. However, in certain cities, the populations belonging to these minor communities only tend to bring about middle class housing on developments in the inner city locations, leading to urban regeration (Gill, P. and Wildt, G. 2003). Government Acts It is known that the Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) households are the most overrated one among the list of homeless populations. Over the period 2001-2 to 2005-6 the average percentile of the Black applicants increased from 28-36%. In order to study this abnormal increase in the number of homeless people, a methodological approach was followed and it comprised of four stages. The very first stage involved the review of the existing secondary information that was available on the prevalence of homelessness among the community of Blacks. This stage was followed by the second stage which included the consultation phase with the existing service providers within a specific area of borough. This was done either by using an existing pro forma or by conducting personal interviews. As a part of the third stage, some of the Black households were selected and they were interviewed. This was followed by a series of recommendations and accompanying programs that aimed in evaluating the effecti veness of those recommended programs. The major legislative framework that covers all the policies governing the housing Acts: 1996 Housing Act, 2001 Housing Act, 2002 Homelessness Act and 2004 Housing Act. The code of guidance on homelessness provides instructions and guidelines that the local authorities should follow in order to exercise their control as well as help in providing shelter to the homeless people. The Act of 1996 ensures that the advise and the guidelines related to prevention of homelessness is available to everyone in the specific area, free of charge. Along with this motive this legislation also instructs the authorities to assist the individuals and their families who are homeless or threatened with homelessness due to their minor ethnic backgrounds. The Act of 2002 was a more advanced and revised version of Housing Act and it ensured a more strategic approach to tackle and prevent the homelessness and also strengthen the help that was being made available to th e people who were homeless. At the point when practicing their capacities identifying with homelessness and its aversion, nearby powers are under a statutory obligation to guarantee that their arrangements and techniques do not segregate, specifically or in a roundabout way, on grounds of race, sex, sexual orientation or incapacity (Shusu 2012). Powers should likewise guarantee that their arrangements what's more techniques don't separate on the premise of whatever other ground which is not material to an individual's lodging application, including sexual introduction, religion or conviction. Powers ought to likewise watch significant codes of practice and receive a formal fairness and differing qualities approach identifying with all parts of their homelessness administration to guarantee equity of access furthermore treatment for all candidates (Shusu 2012). Neighborhood powers and some lodging bodies have an obligation to dispose of unlawful racial segregation and to advance race equity in all parts of their administrations. The reason for this aide is to aid neighborhood powers and their accomplice organizations in the improvement of comprehensive, proof based and practical homelessness administrations for their nearby ethnic minority populaces, to handle the over-representation of ethnic minority family units among those acknowledged as homeless by nearby lodging powers (Office of Deputy Prime Minister 2005). At present, individuals from ethnic minority foundations are around three times more prone to ended up homeless than their White partners. Among the ethnic minority populaces, those of Black African and Black Caribbean birthplaces are twice as liable to be acknowledged as homeless as those of Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi birthplaces. Such over-representation of ethnic minority families in homelessness insights is found over all areas in England. It is thusly basic that nearby powers and their accomplice offices create extensive systems to better forestall and react to homelessness in ethnic minority groups (Office of Deputy Prime Minister 2005). Causes The causes of homelessness among the black people are many. Some of the major reasons are parents, friends or relatives asking their other family members to leave their community post pregnancy, breakdowns in relationships and over crowding of the residential areas. In a research conducted by Somerville in 2001, it was found that, whilst there had as of late been various studies in Britain particularly about BME homelessness, the quality and amount of this data was a long way from satisfactory. The analysts highlighted an absence of understanding of the reasons for BME homelessness and prescribed that exploration ought to be attempted to distinguish the principle courses that BME individuals of distinctive ages and of diverse ethnic gatherings take after, done and finished with homelessness. The absence of such thorough, national examination makes it hard to legitimately evaluate the reasons for BME homelessness (Somerville, P., Steele, A., and Sodhi, D. 2001). The BME households are seven times more prone to be located in the overcrowded conditions as compared to the households of the Whites. People from the Bangladeshi origin are more likely to suffer from overcrowding with 50% of their children residing officially in overcrowded situations. Often there has been enough evidence of hidden homelessness which refers to the conditions in which people sleep on the couches, sofas or tables of friends or relatives and therefore fall in the category of the BME households. The main reasons for overcrowding and hidden homelessness are the failure of housing legislation and organizations of the housing that fail to recognize the need for extended families to be placed together in larger homes. This case may also occur when people are unaware of their rights and the practices that apply to their lives and come under the housing and homelessness legislation Acts. Concealed homelessness can make conditions prompting statutory homelessness. Case in point, in situations wher e weights on the host family unit bring about them asking the "concealed" homeless family to leave, the recent generally have no occupancy rights and are regularly compelled to make a homeless application. Investigate on BME homelessness in Scotland8 found that a breakdown in existing connections appeared to be a typical contributory element in homelessness (Garvie, D. 2004). This incorporated a weakening or breakdown seeing someone in the middle of more established and more youthful parts of the more distant family, now and then exacerbated by congestion. Case in point, one more seasoned Chinese man reported that living respectively with his child's family had set such an unendurable strain on the family that his little girl in-law had left home, abandoning him to care for three adolescent youngsters. Another factor contributing to homelessness of BME is social exclusion. If people suffer from issues like unemployment, poor skills, less income, criminal record, family breakdown or ethnic minority, then it is more likely that they are excluded from the social community. Ethnic minority can also be termed as the Racial harassment (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister 2003). There has been development of certain areas like the no go areas that forbid the BME people to enter. Thus, BME population is four times more likely to suffer from racial harassment as compared to the whites (Office of National Statistics 2001; Garvie, D. 2004). Conclusion Since homelessness aid projects are intended to help families, it is vital for policymakers and experts to see how families encountering homelessness settle on lodging choices, especially when they choose not to utilize accessible administrations. This study investigates those choices utilizing as a part of profundity subjective meetings with 80 families selected in safe houses over four destinations give or take six months after they were allocated to one of four conditions (lasting lodging appropriations, task based transitional lodging, group based fast re-lodging, or typical consideration). Recognizable neighborhoods close to kids' schools, transportation, family and companions, and dependability were vital to families crosswise over conditions. Program limitations on qualification compelled family decisions. Financed lodging was the most fancied mediation, and families rented up at higher rates than in different investigations of poor families. Respondents were minimum agreeable in and well on the way to leave transitional lodging. Instability connected with group based quick re-lodging produced extensive uneasiness. Crosswise over intercessions, numerous families needed to make troubled bargains, frequently prompting further moves. Strategy proposals are advertised (Fisher, B., Mayberry, L, Shinn, M. and Khadduri, J. 2014). Reference Daly, G., 2013, Homeless: Policies, Strategies and lives on the streets, Routledge. Fisher, B., Mayberry, L, Shinn, M. and Khadduri, J., 2014, Leaving Homelessness Behind: Housing Decisions Among Families Exiting Shelter, Housing policy debate, Vol. 24, no. 2. Garvie, D., 2004, The black and minority ethnic housing crisis, viewed on 16th January 2015, www.shelter.org.uk. Gill, P. and Wildt, G., 2003, Chapter 4: Ethnic minority: Health and housing, Radcliffe Publishing. ICP, 2011, The struggles of homeless minority families, viewed on 16th January 2015, https://www.icphusa.org/index.asp?page=55americanalmanac=2story=80pg=338. Margaret, G., Roger, D. and Agnes, F., 2011, Working with Adults at risk from harm, Chapter 6: Insecure accommodation, Mc Graw Hill International. Office of Deputy Prime Minister, 2005, Tackling Homelessness Amongst Ethnic Minority Households: A Development Guide. Office of National Statistics, 2001, UK Census 2001 and Office of the Deputy Prime Minister: English House Condition Survey 2001. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2003, Housing and Black and Minority Ethnic Communities: Review of the evidence base. Shusu, 2012, Homelessness among black communities in the London Borough of Islington: Report for London Borough of Islington. Somerville, P., Steele, A., and Sodhi, D., 2001, Homelessness among Black and Minority Ethnic People: A Scoping Exercise for Shelter (unpublished). Suzanne, F., 2013, Pathways into multiple exclusion homelessness in the United Kingdom, Parity, Vol. 26, no. 5.